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《论语》全文中英文对照在线阅读(含古文原文译文注释点评)第16章1~5

作者:bot 时间:2020-12-25 14:18:54 阅读:()

  《论语》第十六章季氏篇

  第十六章季氏篇(1)

  季氏伐臾。冉有、季路於孔子曰:“季氏有事於臾。”孔子曰:“求!乃是?夫臾,昔者先王以蒙主,且在邦域之中矣,是社稷之臣也。何以伐?”冉有曰:“夫子欲之,吾二臣者皆不欲也。”孔子曰:“求!周任有言曰:“力就列,不能者止。’危而不持,而不扶,焉用彼相矣?且言矣。虎兕出於柙,玉於中,是之?”冉有曰:“今夫臾,固而近於。今不取,後世必子。”孔子曰:“求!君子疾夫舍曰欲之,而必之。丘也有有家者,不患寡而患不均,不患而患不安。均,和寡,安。夫如是,故人不服,修文德以之。既之,安之。今由求也,相夫子,人不服而不能也;邦分崩析而不能守也。而干戈於邦。吾恐季之,不在臾,而在之也。”

  The head of the Ji family was going to attack Zhuan Yu. Ran You and Ji Lu had an interview with Confucius, and said, "Our chief, Ji, is going to commence operations against Zhuan Yu." Confucius said, "Qiu, is it not you who are in fault here? Now, in regard to Zhuan Yu, long ago, a former king appointed its ruler to preside over the sacrifices to the eastern Mang; moreover, it is in the midst of the territory of our state; and its ruler is a minister in direct connection with the sovereign - What has your chief to do with attacking it?" Ran You said, "Our master wishes the thing; neither of us two ministers wishes it." Confucius said, "Qiu, there are the words of Zhou Ren, 'When he can put forth his ability, he takes his place in the ranks of office; when he finds himself unable to do so, he retires from it.

  How can he be used as a guide to a blind man, who does not support him when tottering, nor raise him up when fallen?' And further, you speak wrongly. When a tiger or rhinoceros escapes from his cage; when a tortoise or piece of jade is injured in its repository - whose is the fault?" Ran You said, "But at present, Zhuan Yu is strong and near to Fei; if our chief do not now take it, it will hereafter be a sorrow to his descendants." Confucius said. "Qiu, the superior man hates those declining to say 'I want such and such a thing,' and framing explanations for their conduct.

  I have heard that rulers of states and chiefs of families are not troubled lest their people should be few, but are troubled lest they should not keep their several places; that they are not troubled with fears of poverty, but are troubled with fears of a want of contented repose among the people in their several places. For when the people keep their several places, there will be no poverty; when harmony prevails, there will be no scarcity of people; and when there is such a contented repose, there will be no rebellious upsettings.

  So it is. Therefore, if remoter people are not submissive, all the influences of civil culture and virtue are to be cultivated to attract them to be so; and when they have been so attracted, they must be made contented and tranquil. Now, here are you, You and Qiu, assisting your chief. Remoter people are not submissive, and, with your help, he cannot attract them to him. In his own territory there are divisions and downfalls, leavings and separations, and, with your help, he cannot preserve it. And yet he is planning these hostile movements within the state. I am afraid that the sorrow of the Ji Sun family will not be on account of Zhuan Yu, but will be found within the screen of their own court."

  【原文】

  季氏将伐颛臾①。冉有、季路②见于孔子曰:“季氏将有事于颛臾③。”孔子曰:“求!无乃尔是过与④?夫颛臾,昔者先王以为东蒙主,且在邦域之中矣⑤,是社稷之臣也⑥。何以伐为⑦?”冉有曰:“夫子欲之,吾二臣者皆不欲也。”孔子曰:“求!周任有言曰⑧:‘陈力就列⑨,不能者止⑩。’危而不持⑾,颠而不扶,则将焉用彼相⑿矣?且尔言过矣,虎兕⒀出于柙⒁,黾玉毁于椟⒂中,是谁之过与?”

  冉有曰:“今夫颛臾,固而近于费。今不取,后世必为子孙忧。”孔子曰:“求!君子疾⒃夫舍曰⒄‘欲之’而必为之辞⒅。丘也闻有国有家者⒆,不患寡而患不均,不患贫而患不安。盖均无贫,和无寡,安无倾。夫如是,故远人不服⒇,则修文德以来之。既来之,则安之。今由与求也,相夫子,远人不服,而不能来也。邦分崩离析,而不能守也;而谋动干戈(21)于邦内,吾恐季氏之忧,不在颛臾,而在萧墙之内也(22)。”

  【今译】

  季氏将要讨伐颛臾,冉求、子路去见孔子,说:“季氏将要对颛臾有所行动。”孔子说:“求啊,这不是你的过错吗?颛臾,过去先王任命他主持东蒙山的祭祀,而且在鲁国的疆域之内,是国家的臣属,为什么要讨伐他呢?”冉有说:“是季氏想这样做,我们两个家臣并不想这样做的。”孔子说:“求啊,周任曾经说过:‘估量自己的才力,担任合适的职务;如果不能胜任,就辞职不干。’危难时不支撑,颠扑时不扶持,何必要用你辅佐呢?而且,你的说法是错的。老虎、犀牛从笼子里跑出来了,龟壳、美玉在匣子里毁坏了,这是谁的过错呢?”

  冉求说:“今天的颛臾,城邑坚固,而且接近季氏的采邑费城,现在不去夺取,到了后世必定会给子孙后代留下忧患。”孔子说:“冉求!君子最憎恶不肯说自己贪得无厌、反而强辞夺理找借口的人。我曾听说,拥有封国、家族的人,不担忧贫困而担忧不平均,不担忧寡少而担忧不安定。因为,平均了就没有贫困,和谐了就不会寡少,安定了就不能倾覆。如果这样做了,远方的人还不归服,就提倡仁义礼乐的政教招徕他们,既招来了就安定他们。现在冉求、仲由你们二人辅佐季氏,边远的人不归服却不能招徕他们,国家分崩离析却不能守护,反而图谋在国家内兴师动众。我恐怕季氏的担忧不来自于颛臾,而来自于自己鲁国宫墙的内部。”

  【注释】

  ①季氏将伐颛臾(zhuānyù):季康子将要攻打小国颛臾。

  ②冉有、季路:即冉求、子路。两人都是季康子的家臣。

  ③事:行动,实指军事行动。

  ④无乃:这里有“恐怕”的意思。乃:你们。

  ⑤邦域之中:国境以内。

  ⑥社稷(jì):土神和谷神,此指鲁国。

  ⑦何以伐为:为什么要讨伐呢?何以:为什么。为:句末语气助词。

  ⑧周任:古代史官。

  ⑨陈力:量力。就列:进入朝廷行列,指担任职务。

  ⑩止:停止,指辞职。

  ⑾“危而”句:危:站不稳。

  ⑿相:助手。

  ⒀兕(sì):独角犀牛。

  ⒁柙(xiá):关猛兽的笼子。

  ⒂椟(dù):匣子。

  ⒃疾:憎恨,讨厌。

  ⒄舍曰:不说。

  ⒅辞:托辞,借口。

  ⒆有国有家者:国:指诸侯封地。家:指大夫采邑。

  ⒇故远人不服:故:倘若,如果。远人:远方的人,此指境外的人。

  (21)干戈:武器,喻战争。

  (22)萧墙之内:宫墙里面。萧墙:宫殿门口的一道小墙,俗称照壁。后世把“萧墙之内”作为内部发生祸乱的代称。

  【评点】

  季氏要去讨伐颛臾,孔子责备当时正在担任季氏家臣的冉求,子路没有尽到辅佐的责任。孔子所谓的责任,包括两方面:一、在任职时首先要衡量自己能力,缺乏能力而接受任务,是不负责任的表现;二、既然担当了职务,就不能推卸应尽的职责。至于冉求明知过错,还要强行辩解,那是错上加错。

  关于不患贫而患不均。对春秋战国时期的国家来说,财富与人口是最重要的。有了财富(当时主要指粮食)则国家安定,有了人口就有了劳动力和士兵,因此各诸侯都在这两方面制定种种政策。孔子的经济政策——“不患贫而患不均”,在当时有稳定社会、遏制兼的作用,后世却成了平均主义和“大锅饭”的理论根据。其实,相对的均,总是历代各国政府的政策目标,贫富差距过大,不利于社会安定。

  第十六章季氏篇(2)

  孔子曰:“天下有道,征伐自天子出;天下道,征伐自侯出。自侯出,十世希不失矣;自大夫出,五世希不失矣;陪臣命,三世希不失矣。天下有道,政不在大夫。天下有道,庶人不。”

  Confucius said, "When good government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the son of Heaven. When bad government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the princes.

  When these things proceed from the princes, as a rule, the cases will be few in which they do not lose their power in ten generations. When they proceed from the great officers of the princes, as a rule, the case will be few in which they do not lose their power in five generations.

  When the subsidiary ministers of the great officers hold in their grasp the orders of the state, as a rule the cases will be few in which they do not lose their power in three generations.

  When right principles prevail in the kingdom, government will not be in the hands of the great officers. When right principles prevail in the kingdom, there will be no discussions among the common people."

  【原文】

  孔子曰:“天下有道,则礼乐征伐自天子出①;天下无道,则礼乐征伐自诸侯出,盖十世希不失矣②;自大夫出,五世希不失矣;陪臣执国命③,三世希不失矣。天下有道,则政不在大夫。天下有道,则庶人不议④。”

  【今译】

  孔子说:“天下政治清明,制礼作乐、出兵征伐的大事,由天子作出决定;天下政治黑暗,制礼作乐、出兵讨伐的大事,由诸侯作出决定。出自诸侯,大概传到十代很少有不丧失的;出自大夫,传到五代很少有不丧失的;家臣执掌了国家的命运,传到三代很少有不丧失的。天下政治清明,那么政权就不落在大夫手中;天下政治清明,那么,老百姓就不会议论纷纷。”

  【注释】

  ①礼乐征伐:制礼作乐和出兵讨伐。

  ②十世:十代。古代三十年为一世。希:同“稀”,少。不失:指不失权势。

  ③陪臣:大夫的家臣。执国命:把持国家的命运。

  ④庶人:老百姓。

  【评点】

  孔子这段话,是他从考察历史,尤其是春秋时期的各国历史所得出的结论。孔子认为,政权传代的长短,与这个政权的执政方式是否合“理”有关。“逆理愈甚,则其失之愈速”(朱熹《集注》)。例如鲁国三桓当政,季氏自季友专政,经过文子、武子、平子、桓子而被家臣阳虎所执,是孔子所亲见,所以说“五世希不失”。至于“陪臣执国命”,如阳虎、公山弗扰等都是当身而败,不曾到三世。由此,孔子认为当时的天下的无道是不正常的,不会长久,天下最终必然归于有道。历史的事实告诉人们:诸侯、大夫、家臣执掌国政的传代数之所以递减,其原因就是执政方式不合“理”。由此,执政者就不能有效地教化民众、调节内部关系,因而政权的基础自然薄弱了。孔子向人们预示春秋时期历史演变的趋势。

  第十六章季氏篇(3)

  孔子曰:“之去公室,五世矣;政逮於大夫,四世矣;故夫三桓之子,微矣。”

  Confucius said, "The revenue of the state has left the ducal house now for five generations. The government has been in the hands of the great officers for four generations. On this account, the descendants of the three Huan are much reduced."

  【原文】

  孔子曰:“禄之去公室五世矣①,政逮于大夫四世矣②,故夫三桓之子孙微矣③。”

  【今译】

  孔子说:“鲁国的国君失去国家政权有五代了,政权落在季孙大夫手里有四代了,所以三桓的子孙就衰微了。”

  【注释】

  ①禄:爵禄,此实指国家政权。去:丧失。公室:诸侯的家族,此指鲁国王室。五世:五代。

  ②逮(dài):及,到。

  ③三桓:即鲁国的“三卿”:季孙氏、叔孙氏、孟孙(即仲孙)氏。因这三家都是鲁桓公的后代,故称“三桓”。这三家一直掌握鲁国政权,到鲁定公时,曾出现“陪臣执国命”的局面,三桓势力一度衰微。

  【评点】

  此章是用上一章的原则用来观察鲁国的政局,说明权臣当国,必然导致政权衰败。朱熹说:“此章专论鲁事,疑与前章皆定公时语。”(《集注》)鲁文公立宣公。鲁宣公在位18年,鲁国政权渐次旁落到季孙氏手中,经历宣公、襄公、定公,共五代人,从季孙氏掌握鲁国实际权柄,到孔子发话时候止,经历季文子、季武子、季平子、季桓子,正好四代人。孔子有鉴于鲁国国事日非,陪臣势力不可一世,孔子作出如下判断:三桓的子孙,也眼看不到了。

  由于被眼前各种纷繁复杂的现象所迷惑,一个人对身处的时代,很难作出正确的判断和预测。而孔子却能鉴往知来,十分正确地评估了当时的形势。

  第十六章季氏篇(4)

  孔子曰:“益者三友,者三友。友直,友,友多,益矣。友便辟,友善柔,友便佞,矣。”

  Confucius said, "There are three friendships which are advantageous, and three which are injurious. Friendship with the uplight; friendship with the sincere; and friendship with the man of much observation - these are advantageous. Friendship with the man of specious airs; friendship with the insinuatingly soft; and friendship with the glib-tongued - these are injurious."

  【原文】

  孔子曰:“益者三友,损者三友①。友直、友谅②、友多闻,益矣;友便辟③、友善柔④、友便佞⑤,损矣。”

  【今译】

  孔子说:“三种朋友有益,三种朋友有害。朋友正直,朋友诚实,朋友见多识广,是有益的;朋友阿谀奉承,朋友当面恭维,背后诽谤,朋友花言巧语,是有害的。”

  【注释】

  ①损:损害。

  ②谅:信实。

  ③便辟:阿谀奉承。

  ④善柔:当面恭维,背后诽谤。

  ⑤便佞:花言巧语。

  【评点】

  朋友之善恶,自可分多种,但交往与否,却完全取决于交往目的。目的纯正者,必交益友,偶有辨别不清之失误,也易收缰;交友目的不正者,必交恶友。提高辨别能力重要,端正交友目的更为重要。

  第十六章季氏篇(5)

  孔子曰:“益者三,者三。,道人之善,多友,益矣。,佚,宴,矣。”

  Confucius said, "There are three things men find enjoyment in which are advantageous, and three things they find enjoyment in which are injurious. To find enjoyment in the discriminating study of ceremonies and music; to find enjoyment in speaking of the goodness of others; to find enjoyment in having many worthy friends - these are advantageous. To find enjoyment in extravagant pleasures; to find enjoyment in idleness and sauntering; to find enjoyment in the pleasures of feasting - these are injurious."

  【原文】

  孔子曰:“益者三乐,损者三乐。乐节礼乐①、乐道人之善②、乐多贤友,益矣;乐骄乐③、乐佚游④、乐宴乐⑤,损矣。”

  【今译】

  孔子说:“有益的快乐有三种,有害的快乐也有三种。以得到礼乐的调节陶冶为快乐,以称道别人的优点为快乐,以多交贤德的友人为快乐,是有益处的,以骄纵放肆为快乐,以闲逸游荡为快乐,以宴饮纵欲为快乐,是有害的。”

  【注释】

  ①节:调节,节制。

  ②善:优点,好处。

  ③骄乐:“谓侈肆而不知节”(朱熹《集注》)。

  ④佚游:游荡无度。佚:同“逸”。

  ⑤宴乐:吃喝为乐。宴:宴会。

  【评点】

  此章讲君子的日常修养。乐趣,看来是具体而微的小事,但却反映了人的情操,并反过来影响人的道德。儒家主张“发乎情”,“止于礼义”(《毛诗序》),人的感情,包括快乐的感情,用礼节来节制,才能达到中和的要求。

  有益的快乐与有害的快乐,除本章所举的外,还能举出许多表现形式来,区分其有益还是有害,主要看其效果与目的。如果这种快乐符合道德规范,促进事业有成,有益身心健康,就是有益的。否则,就是有害的。图一时的逸乐放纵,导致违犯道德规范、影响事业发展、有害身心健康,则乐极生悲,快乐就转变痛苦。

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